Functional nanoparticle-enabled non-genetic neuromodulation

Table 1 Summary of the signals, transformation paths, ion channels, nanomaterials and diseases or processes involved in non-genetic nano-neuromodulation

Signal types	Transform paths	Ion channels involved	Typical materials	Disease/process examples
Light irradiation	Photothermal	TRP and TREK	Photothermal nanoparticles	Atherosclerosis
	Photoconversion	ChR2	Upconversion nanoparticles	Sensing activities
	Photochemical-catalytic	CRAC	Upconversion nanoparticles	Traumatic spinal cord injury, stormorken syndrome
	Photoelectric	voltage-gated calcium channels	Photoelectric nanocomposites	Epilepsy
	Photomechanical	Piezo1, Piezo2	Optomechanical nanoparticles	Molecule movement, cell displacement and activation
Magnetic field	Magnetothermal	TRPV1	Superparamagnetic nanoparticles Magnetothermal nanoparticles	Wireless deep brain stimulation
	Magneto-mechanical	Piezo1	Magneto-mechanical nanoparticles	Motor function
	Magnetoelectrical	voltage-gated calcium channels	Core–shell magnetostrictive piezoelectric nanoparticles	wireless deep brain stimulation
	Magnetically induced microenvironmental	ASICs	Magnetothermal nanoparticles	Spinal cord injury, proton regulated neural activities
Ultrasound	Ultrasound-mechanical	Mechanosensitive ion channels	Nanoscale gas vesicles	Precise deep brain modulation
Ultrasound	Ultrasound-electric	voltage-gated calcium channels	Piezoelectric nanoparticles	Parkinson’s disease
Mechanical force	Self-powered mechanical	Mechanically sensitive ion channels	Piezoelectric nanofibers	Wound heal, osteoarthritis

ISSN: 1477-3155