Fig. 5

Effects of LPS pre-Exo on macrophage polarization in vitro. A, B BMDM cells were stimulated with LPS for 3 h, followed by Exo or LPS pre-Exo treatment for 24 h. IL-10 were added to the experimental groups for 24 h(n = 3). C, D The effect of the NF-κB inhibitor, BAY 11–8072 on the polarization of macrophages. B, D Representative images of CD86⁺ and CD206.⁺in different groups of BMDM cells analyzed by flow cytometry. Values are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). ns > 0.05, **P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005, **** P < 0.0001