Carbon nanotubes: a powerful bridge for conductivity and flexibility in electrochemical glucose sensors

Table 4 Detecting glucose in body fluid by minimally invasive and non-invasive CNT-based electrochemical glucose sensors

Real sample analysis	Recognition component	Analyte (s) detected simultaneously in the same system	Linear range (mM)	LOD (μM)	Detection sensitivity (μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻²)	Interference	Detection method	Stable days	Refs.
Blood	Glucose SSF	H₂O₂, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, H⁺	2.5–7.0	50	5.6 nA μM⁻¹	Mal, Man, Lac, NAD⁺, AA	CA	28	[156]
Blood	GOD MPs/CNT@GHM	–	0–24	–	25 nA mM⁻¹	Lac, UA, AA, AP	Amperometry	9	[158]
ISF	GDH/pMB/Au-MWCNTs/AuELOX/ pMB/Au-MWCNTs/AuE	Lactate	0.05–5 and 0.01–0.1	7	405.2, 797.4	AA, UA, LA	CA	30	[160]
Sweat	GOx/HRP/CNT-EVA	–	up to 1.0	3	270 ± 10	NaCl, Ur, LA	Amperometry	7	[169]
Sweat	CoWO4/CNT/CNT − AuNS	pH	up to 0.3	1.3	10.89	AA, UA, Ur, AP	CA	10	[170]
Sweat	CNTs/Ti3C2Tx/PB/CFMs	Lactate, pH	0.01 to 1.5	0.33	35.3	AA, UA, LA	CA	15	[173]
Sweat	GOx/Chitosan/CNT ink-PB/CNFs	Lactate	0.025–3	25	–	AA, UA, Cr	Amperometry	28	[174]
ISF	G/CNTs/GOx composite textile	–	0.12–3.5 μM	0.06	14.45 ± 2.97	UA, AA, LA, KCl, NaCl	Amperometry	30	[177]
Saliva	FTO-CNTs/PEI/GOx	-	0.07–0.7	70	63.38	AA, UA, DA	CV	14	[178]
Saliva	GCE-SWCNT/rGO/CoPc	–	0.0003–0.50 and 0.50–5.0	0.12	992.4	Suc, AA, UA, Fru, DA, K⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻, Ur	CA	40	[179]
Urine	MECSs	Na⁺, K⁺, H₂O₂, UA	2.8–5.6	15.5	2.71 μA mM⁻¹	Ur, KCl, NaCl	CA	6	[182]
Urine	PtAu/CNTs nanozyme	pH	0.9–40	400	–	AA, UA, Gal, Fru, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cr, Ur	Potentiometry	60, 7 in human urine	[181]

“–” means information not available in the article
CNT carbon nanotube, MWCNT multi-walled carbon nanotube, ISF interstitial fluid, GCE glassy carbon electrode, GOx glucose oxidase, SSFs single-ply sensing fibres, GHM gradient-structured hollow fiber membrane, pMB: polymethylene blue, LOX lactate oxidase, GDH glucose dehydrogenase, HRP horseradish peroxidase, EVA ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer, AuNS Au nanosheets, G graphene, FTO fluorine-doped tin oxide, PEI polyethylenimine, SWCNT single-walled carbon nanotube, rGO reduced graphene oxide, CoPc cobalt phthalocyanines nanohybrid, MECSs multiplex electrochemical sensors, AA ascorbic acid, AP acetaminophen, CV cyclic voltammetry, DA dopamine, Fru fructose, Gal galactose, LA lactic acid, Lac lactose, Mal maltose, Suc sucrose, Mal maltose, Man mannose, rGO reduced graphene oxide, Ur urea, UA uric acid, Cr creatinine, CA chronoamperometry

ISSN: 1477-3155