Fig. 10

Schematic Diagram: Hypo-Exo, carrying miR-421-3p, activates autophagy by targeting mTOR and upregulating the expression of phosphorylated ULK1 and FUNDC1. This in turn mitigates the release of inflammatory factors in the skin flap, reduces ROS generation, counteracts cell apoptosis, and protects blood vessels, ultimately promoting the survival of ischemia–reperfusion flaps