Fig. 2

Flap model, Schematic diagram of surgery and experimental design. A The caudal superficial epigastric skin free flap (3 × 6 cm²). B Intraoperative Vascular Anatomy: EA epigastric artery, EV epigastric vein, FA femoral artery, FV femoral vein, 1 (ligatures of lateral circumflex FA and FV), 2 (ligatures of saphenous artery and vein), 3 (ligatures of proximal caudal FA and FV). C Anastomose the femoral artery and femoral vein with 10–0 nylon suture. D Experimental process design. E In vivo tracking of DiR-labeled exosomes