Fig. 4

Hypo-Exo improved the pathological state of flaps after I/R injury, inhibited apoptosis, reduced the release of ROS in flap and reduced the production of inflammatory factors. A Representative histology images (Original magnification 40X, bar size 20 μm). B Detection of apoptosis by TUNEL assay (bar size 100 μm). C Double immunofluorescence staining of Dihydroethidium (DHE)-ROS (red) and DAPI (bule) in flap.D Relative quantitative data of apoptotic cells and TUNEL cells (**P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001). E Statistical evaluation of ROS mean fluorescence intensities in each group (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). F Protein expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2 and GAPDH. G Quantitative analysis of the protein expression levels of Bax/Bcl-2 (*P < 0.05). H Relative MCP-1, IL-6, IL-1β mRNA expression level in skin flap was measured by qPCR in Sham, IR, Hypo-Exo and Exo groups (*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001), Bars indicated means ± SD