Fig. 8

M2-EVs promoted polarization of M2 macrophages and improved barrier functions in DSS-induced colitis. The mice from Additional file 1: Fig. S13 were subjected to further analysis. N = 3–4/group. A–C Antibodies against macrophage marker F4/80 (A), M1 marker iNOS (B), and M2 marker CD206 (C) were used to conduct IHC of colon sections. Their representative images and quantifications were shown. D, E Antibodies against tight junction protein occludin (D) and claudin1 (E) were used to conduct IHF of colon tissues. Their representative images and quantifications were shown. F Immunoblot analysis of colon tissues. GAPDH served as a loading control. In the bar graphs, each dot represents one mouse. Data presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 relative to the control colitis mice received PBS (bar with black dots)