Fig. 12
Reproduced from [162] with permission
a Utilizing the synergistic effect of bioactive ions and pipeline structure for vascularized bone regeneration in 3D printed bioceramics scaffolds (i to ii) The modification of the printer nozzle with a core shell structure and a bioceramic paste with viscoelasticity. iii) An illustration of the printing process for hollow BRT (BRT-H) pipes through the synergistic effect of bioactive ions and pipeline structures. b Ionic release from 3D printed bioceramics scaffold (BRT) and BRT-H for 30Â days.