Fig. 4
Reproduced from [92] with permission
a Angiogenic and osteogenic cells can be delivered through Haversian bone–mimicking scaffolds 3D printed with Volkmann canals, Haversian canals and cancellous bone structure. In the scaffolds' cancellous bone structure, osteogenic cells were implanted while the angiogenic cells were seeded on the Haversian canals. The multicellular delivery of Haversian bone–mimicking structure contributed to new bone and vessel formation. b (i to iv) Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of human bone marrow stem cells (HBMSCs) seeded on the cancellous bone structure and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) seeded on the Haversian canal with varying diameters. c Proliferative activity of HUVEC, HBMSC, and cocultured HBMSC-HUVEC seeding on scaffolds with varying (i) diameters and (ii) numbers of Haversian canals after culturing for 14 days.