Table 3 Various NP encapsulating osteogenic/angiogenic agents for bone regeneration

EGF

Liposome

100

Sustained and continuous EGF release from the liposomes led to enhanced bone regeneration

[223]

Deferoxamine

TNTs

70

Sustained release was achieved which promoted osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation. The TNTs were coated with CHI and gelatin layers to enhance their biocompatibility

[189]

Cu²⁺

MSN

100

Sustained release of Cu²⁺ and Si⁴⁺ which enhanced both osteogenesis and angiogenesis

[224]

Paclitaxel, Deferoxamine, BMP-2

Liposome-modified hydrogel

220–450

Sustained release of paclitaxel, deferoxamine and BMP-2 from liposomes that had been embedded into a gelatin scaffold resulted in osteogenesis and early vascularization

[225]

DEX and QK peptide

MS NPs

170

A fast release of QK peptide (which had been incorporated into the MS NPs surface) and a DEX sustained release (which had been loaded into the MS NPs pores) together with the release of Si⁴⁺ enhanced both angiogenesis and osteogenesis

[104]

–

AuNPs incorporated into MS NP

80–110

Au NPs were able to modulate the secretion of osteogenic cytokines by macrophages. The continuous release of Si⁴⁺ ions promoted angiogenesis and osteogenesis

[226]

Sr²⁺

Bioactive glass NPs

75

Sr-doped bio glass NPs enhanced osteoblast activity and also stimulated osteoblasts to release angiogenesis-related cytokines for early vascularization

[227]

Eu²⁺

MS NPs

280–300

MS-NP modulated the macrophages inflammatory response while also promoting angiogenic/osteogenic differentiation by enhancing angiogenic (i.e., VEGFR1/2, CD31, MMP9) and osteogenic genes (i.e., ALP, OPN and OCN)

[193]