Table 4 A summary of the utilization of bioactive compounds incorporated into functional scaffolds to promote both osteogenesis and angiogenesis

VEGF and BMP-2

Mesoporous BGs, sulfated CHI GelMA hydrogel

Faster release of VEGF and sustained and slower release of rhBMP-2 promoted capillary tube formation and osteogenic differentiation

[14]

TUDCA and BMP 2

Nanofibrous PLA

Burst release of TUDCA and sustained release for BMP-2 promoted enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis

[74]

Salvianolic acid B

PLGA and β-TCP

Controlled release of salvianolic acid B promoted bone fusion through angiogenesis and osteogenesis in a rat spinal fusion model

[167]

DEX loaded Ca-P -based NPs

Collagen

DEX promoted osteogenesis and the scaffold’s microgroove network promoted the alignment of HUVECs into tubular structures and resulted in rapid angiogenesis

[103]

rhBMP-2 and rhVEGF

PLGA and EG

Rapid release of rhVEGF and controlled release of rhBMP-2 promoted osteogenic differentiation and the formation of tubes

[80]

VEGF

PLGA and fibrin

Activation of BM stromal cells leading to the generation of new vessels. Enhanced the release of osteogenic factors, enhancing fracture healing

[32]

FGF-1

Fibrin and HA

Enhanced angiogenesis and stimulating the infiltration of cells expressing osteogenic markers

[40]

Nanosilicate and DMOG

PLGA nanofibers

Enhancement and orchestration of the osteogenesis-angiogenesis processes

[105]

BMP-2 and VEGF

PCL and HA

Rapid VEGF release and gradual sustained release of BMP-2 promoted both angiogenesis and osteogenesis

[54]

Simvastatin and DEX

PCL and collagen

Enhanced osteogenic differentiation and tube formation over a period of 21 days

[70]

FGF-2, BMP-2 and VEGF

Silica coated nano HA-gelatin reinforced with electrospun PLA yarns

Enhanced effect on angiogenesis and bone formation was noticed

[71]

DFO

PCL and carboxymethyl CHI

Enhanced vascularity regeneration leading to more bone formation and osseointegration

[93]

Exosomes derived from hAD-SCs

PLGA-Mg²⁺-GA

The sustained release of Mg2+, GA, and exosomes from the scaffolds for up to 10 days was capable of inducing osteogenesis and angiogenesis

[122]

BBG

PCL

Release of Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and BO₄₃₋, thereby promoting cellular proliferation and enhancing osteoblastogenesis and angiogenesis

[168]

pDNA encoding for FGF and BMP-2

Collagen and PEI

Augmented the angiogenesis and osteogenesis

[154]

pDNA encoding for BMP-2 and TGF-β

Nano-HA

vascularization and mineralization in a subcutaneous environment

[151]

VEGF-encoding pDNA

PLA and PDA

Augmented VEGF and BMP-2, promoting angiogenesis and enhancing osteogenic differentiation

[153]

CHI NPs, BMP-2 and VEGF-encoding pDNA

HA and collagen

Synergistic effect, inducing both osteogenesis and angiogenesis

[152]