Fig. 1

Preparation and characterization of RNPs and RMPs. (A) Average diameter of RNPs with different PVA concentrations measured by dynamic light scattering. (B) PDI of RNPs with different PVA concentrations. (C) Zeta potential of RNPs with different PVA concentrations. (D) Encapsulation efficiency of RNPs with different PVA concentrations measured by HPLC. (E) Encapsulation efficiency of RNPs with different initial drug-to-material ratios measured by HPLC. (F) Average diameter of RNPs with different initial drug-to-material ratios measured by dynamic light scattering. (G) PDI of RNPs with different initial drug-to-material ratios. (H) Scanning electron micrograph of RNPs, Scale Bar 1 μm. (I-K) Average diameter, encapsulation efficiency, PDI of RNPs and RMPs (0.5% PVA concentration, drug-to-material ratio of 1:10). (L) Quantification of in vitro release profiles of Rapa, RMPs-12 μm, RMPs-2 μm and RNPs groups over 9 days. n = 3. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc analysis. Data are presented as means ± SD. ns, no significant. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001