Table 1 Comparison of improved enrichment methods

Ultrafiltration

1.Combined size exclusion chromatography

2.Double coupled harmonic oscillation

1.Solve protein pollution

2.High stability, purity

1.More instruments and longer time

2.Complex equipment

Immunoaffinity enrichment

1.Unique 3D nanoscale cavity

2.Organic framework immunoaffinity sheet

3.2D flexible nanostructure

1.Higher specificity, sensitivity.

2.Avoid the influence

of pH value

3.Efficient and rapid separation and enrichment

1.High cost

2.Limited capture type

Microfluidic

1. Dielectrophoresis separation and immunoaffinity detection.

2. Electrochemical microaptamer sensor

3. Micro-patterning carbon nanotube columns

4. Automated centrifugal microfluidic disc system

1.Higher efficiency, sensitivity and detection limit

2.Sensitive, specific and reliable

3.Higher efficiency and yield

4.Automatic separation and purification