Fig. 3

Engineering approaches of exosomes. Two main approaches of designer exosomes include parental cell-based exosome engineering and direct exosome engineering, in which the engineering procedures of parental cell-based exosomes occur before exosomes isolation from cells while direct exosome engineering occur after exosomes isolation. There are also many different methods in each class. GPI Glycosylphosphatidylinositol, PDGFRs Platelet-derived growth factor receptors, VSVG Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, MSMs Molecule sorting modules, EXPLORs Exosomes for protein loading via optically reversible PPIs, EXOtic Exosomal Transfer Into cells, TAT-TAR Trans-activator of transcription, Trans-activating response RNA loop, RBP RNA binding proteins;