Fig. 3

(a) The in vitro PTT cytotoxicity of CR@E8-EVs in MKN 45 cultures with/without 0.8 W/cm² 808 nm laser irradiation for 10 min. Cell viability was identified through CCK8 assessment. (b) Cell viability of CR and PBS against MKN 45 cells and (c) relative viabilities for MKN 45 cells post-PBS (100 µL), E8-EVs (100 µL), CR (25 µg/mL, 100 µL) and CR@E8-EVs (25 µg/mL based on CR, 100 µL) therapy in the presence or absence of laser. (d) Fluorescence imaging for live/dead MKN45 cells (green/red) with Calcein-AM and PI staining following multiple therapies. NIR light irradiation (808 nm, 0.8 W cm^− 2, 5 min) was performed once cells were placed into incubation with various treatment for 12 h (equal to 25 µg/mL CR). Scale bars, 50 μm. (e) Apoptosis and necrosis assessments through flow cytometry in MKN 45 cells after different treatments. Laser irradiation (808 nm, 0.8 W cm^− 2, 5 min) was performed after cells were incubated with various drugs for 12 h (PBS, 100 µL; E8-EVs, 100 µL; CR, 25 µg/mL, 100 µL and CR@E8-EVs, 25 µg/mL based on CR, 100 µL)