Fig. 9

Nanotechnology was used to supplement Mg and Fe deficiencies in tomato plants. In the upper panel, a liposomal formulation was applied to tomato seedlings' apical leaflet, resulting in improved recovery compared to non-encapsulated formulations. In the lower panel, tomato plants grown hydroponically in Fe-deficient media were treated with liposomal Fe-chelate, showing moderate yellowing but promoting healthy new growth. On the other hand, non-liposomal Fe-chelate and free Fe-standard treatments led to severe yellowing and necrosis. Nanoparticle-encapsulated iron significantly improved growth patterns, outperforming non-encapsulated treatments. Statistical analysis confirmed the significant impact of the nanoparticle-based approach (*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001).This figure has been reprinted with permission from [90] Copyright, 2018