Fig. 3
From: TiO2 nanoparticles promote tumor metastasis by eliciting pro-metastatic extracellular vesicles
TiO2 NPs induced EVs release from tumor cells. a Relative survival rate of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with TiO2 NPs of different concentrations using CCK8 assay. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). b TEM images of PBS-EVs and TiO2-EVs isolated from cell supernatants after PBS or TiO2 treatment. Scale bars = 100 nm. c Concentration and size distribution of EVs treated as indicated, determined by NTA. d Concentrations of EVs isolated from cell supernatants treated with PBS or TiO2 NPs of different concentrations. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). e Western blotting analysis of CD9 and ALIX in tumor-derived EVs. f Western blotting analysis of LC3-II expression in tumor cells treated with TiO2 NPs for different time intervals. g Immunofluorescence analysis of LC3-II expression in tumor cells after treatment with TiO2 NPs for different time intervals. Scale bars = 10 μm. Nuclei, Blue (DAPI); LC3, Green; Phalloidin, Red. h Western blotting analysis of CD9 and ALIX in tumor-derived EVs after treatment with TiO2 NPs in the presence or absence of CQ or CBZ. Statistical analysis in (a) and (d) was measured by one-way ANOVA