Field effect transistor based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring

Nguyen, Thi Thanh-Ha; Nguyen, Cong Minh; Huynh, Minh Anh; Vu, Hoang Huy; Nguyen, Tuan-Khoa; Nguyen, Nam-Trung

doi:10.1186/s12951-023-02153-1

Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Table 3 Various biomarkers detection using non-invasive wearable FET biosensors

From: Field effect transistor based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring

Biofluids	Biomarker	Disease/application	Clinical range	Sensing probe	Gating	Semiconductor	Dynamic range	Refs.
Sweat	Ammonia	Muscular fatigue	0.5–25 mM [128]	Ion-selective membrane	Top-gate	SWCNT	0.01–10 mM	[41]
	Na + /K + /Ca2 +	Monitoring sweat electrolytes	Na⁺:10-140 mM [129] K⁺:2-6 mM [129] Ca²⁺:30-300 mg/L [130]	Ion-selective membranes	3D extended metal gate	SiNW	Na⁺:1-100 mM K⁺:1-50 mM Ca²⁺: 0.1-20 mM	[1]
	Na + /K +	Ovulation, cystic fibrosis, kidney failure	Na⁺: 10-140 mM [129] K⁺: 2-6 mM [129]	Ion-selective membranes	Top-gate	MOS	Na⁺: 5-100 mM K⁺: 5-50 mM	[19]
	Na +	Monitoring sweat electrolytes	10-140 mM [129]	Ion-selective membranes	Side-gate	SWCNT	0.1-100 mM	[123]
	Lactate	Monitoring lactate level	2–65 mM [131]	Lactate oxidase, horseradish peroxidase and Osmium-redox polymer	Extended-gate	pBTTT-C16 (organic semiconductor)	LOD: 66 nM; LOQ: 220 nM	[132]
	s-IgA	Depression	1230 pg/mL [133]	Jacalin	Liquid-gate	Si	0.1–100 μg/mL	[77]
	Cortisol	Stress-related disorders	0.1–139.9 ng mL[133]	Aptamer	Side-gate	In₂O₃	1 pM-10 μM	[17]
	TNF-α	Inflammatory cytokine	9.3–21.1 pg/ml [134]	Aptamer	Side-gate	Graphene	50 pM-100 nM; LOD: 5 pM	[16]
	Cortisol	Stress-related disorders & human performance	0.1–139.9 ng/mL [133]	Aptamer	Extended-gate	Graphene	1 nM—10 µM	[108]
	Serotonin and dopamine	Monitoring multiple neurotransmitters	Not given	Aptamer	Side-gate	In₂O₃	10fM-1uM	[33]
Tear	Glucose	Diabetes	0.1–0.6 mM [135]	Glucose oxidase	Back-gate and liquid gate	Graphene	1 µM to 10 mM	[93]
	Glucose	Diabetes	0.1–0.6 mM [135]	Glucose oxidase	Back-gate	MoS₂	0.1–0.6 mM	[32]
	Cortisol	Stress-related disorders & human performance	0–1306 nM [133]	Antibody	Liquid-gate	Graphene	1–40 ng/mL; LOD: 10 pg/mL	[2]
	TNF-α and IFN-Y	Monitoring inflammatory cytokines	TNF-α: 1.1–21.7 pg/mL [136] IFN-Y: 3–12 pg/mL[137]	Aptamer	Side-gate	Graphene	TNF-α: 0.03–500 nM, LOD: 2.75 pM INF-Y: 0.03–500 nM, LOD: 2.89 pM	[138]
	Matrix metalloproteinase-9	Chronic ocular surface inflammation	3–41 ng/mL [139]	Antibody	Back-gate and liquid gate	Graphene	1–500 ng/ml	[140]
Saliva	Ammonia	Metabolism, mouth bacteria	Not given	Ion-selective membranes	Liquid-gate	zinc titanium oxide	10^–4 – 1 M	[21]
	Cortisol	Stress-related disorders and human performance	0.1–139.9 ng/mL [133]	Aptamer	Liquid-gate	Graphene	0.01–10⁴ nM	[81]
	Oxytocin	Monitoring of neurotransmitter; lactating women	6.44–61.05 pg/ml [141]	Antibody	Extended-gate	C6-DNT-VW/polystyren (organic semiconductor)	LOD: 3.9 pg/mL	[40]
	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Cancers, pancreatitis, diabetes and Sjogren's syndrome	Not given	Aptamer	Liquid gate	Graphene	10 pg/ml-100 ng/ml	[142]
ISF	Na⁺	Dysnatremia	145 mM [143]	Ion-selective membranes	Extended-gate	not given	10–160 mM; LOD: 2.78 μM	[144]
	C-Reactive Protein	Inflammation	Not given	Antibody Fab fragment	Back-gate and liquid gate	SiNW	60 ng/mL-100 μg/mL	[35]
	Glucose	diabetes	2.1–23.4 mM [145]	Glucose oxidase	Back-gate	ZnO	1 μM-10 mM	[44]

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