Fig. 11

In vitro evaluation of the angiogenesis of different membranes in a rat cranial defect model at 8 weeks post-operation. A H&E staining images. A black arrow indicates new blood vessels. B Representative new vessel number from A. C CD31 immunofluorescence staining images; cell nuclei were labeled with DAPI (blue fluorescence), and CD31 protein was labeled with red fluorescence. D Quantitative analyses of CD31 expression from C in the different groups. E VEGF immunohistochemistry staining images. F Quantitative analyses of VEGF expression from C in the different groups (n = 8). * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, vs. defect alone with no implanted materials; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, vs. PG membrane; ^&&p < 0.05, vs. PGH membrane