Scheme 2.
Synergistic therapy mechanism of G-M from different therapeutic agents. G-M NPs enter the tumor and release the therapeutic agents. GOx promotes glucose oxidation to achieve ST, which reduces pH and produces excessive H2O2. Meanwhile, the effect of PTT is enhanced with a decrease in ATP and heat shock protein (HSP) expression. Due to the catalysis of CAT-like and Fenton metals, H2O2 acts as a substrate for the next catalytic reaction, contributing to the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and O2. O2 production can enhance PDT and SDT. Moreover, the generation of ·OH forms the basis of CDT and IMT and provides the possibility for ferroptosis. Moreover, PTT and PDT are induced by near-infrared light (NIR) I/II. SDT is generated by ultrasound (US). EDT and CT can be combined with the G-M catalytic systems to achieve a more diverse synergistic therapy