Fig. 3
From: Probing milk extracellular vesicles for intestinal delivery of RNA therapies
Culture of human intestinal epithelial organoids (IEOs) as 2D monolayers on Transwell inserts and epithelial transport of milk extracellular vesicle (mEVs). A Confocal immunofluorescent staining images of IEOs monolayers cultured on Transwell inserts for 8 days (differentiated at day 5), immunostained for the apical zonula occludens (ZO-1) tight junction protein (green), MUC2 mucin (red) and cell nucleus (DAPI, blue). B Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of IEOs cultured as monolayers. C Transport percentage of fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran with molecular weight of 10k (FD10) through IEOs monolayers and blank inserts with diluted basement membrane extract (BME2) coating, and insert table shows apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of FD10 through monolayers. D mEVs transport across IEOs monolayers including transport percentage shown on the upside and 3D confocal images on the bottom, where the apical side of the cells is marked by ‘A’ and the basolateral side ‘B’. Nuclei appear in blue and mEVs in red. IEOs were derived from biopsied tissue from different regions of human gastrointestinal system (‘Duo’: duodenum; ‘TI’: terminal ileum; and ‘SC’: sigmoid colon). Data shown as the mean ± SD, n = 3. ** indicates p < 0.01