Fig. 3

Photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant system, and ultrastructure of lettuce leaves two weeks after the initial spray of LDH10 and RW10. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn, a), stomatal conductance (GS, b), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci, c), and transpiration rate (Tr, d) of lettuce. The chlorophyll a content (chl-a, e), chlorophyll b content (chl-b, f), and superoxide dismutase (SOD, g), peroxidase (POD, h), and catalase (CAT, i) activity in lettuce leaves following foliar exposure to LDH10 and RW10. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05). The percentages show the magnitude of change among the different treatment groups (LDH10/CK, RW10/CK, LDH10/RW10). Bar = 20 μm j, k, l. Bar = 1 μm m, n, o. The abbreviations used are the same as in Fig. 2