Fig. 4

Transcriptome analysis of lettuce leaves after 2 weeks of initial treatment. a Volcano plots depicting the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a false discovery rate (FDR) below 0.05 and an absolute fold change of ≥ 2 between various treatment groups (LDH10/CK, RW10/CK, LDH10/RW10). b The expression patterns of DEGs across LDH10 and RW10 treatments were inferred using Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM) analysis. Each frame represents the expression pattern of all the DEGs, which are indicated by the colored lines. c The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed significantly overrepresented profiles of differentially expressed genes in lettuce leaves in the LDH10 and RW10 treatments. The values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three replicates for each treatment. The abbreviations used are the same as in Fig. 2