Fig. 3

Preparation of GH-MB and establishment of the immunosensor. SEM images of GO (a) and GH (b). (c) UV-vis spectra of GH, MB, and GH-MB. (d) DPV curves of GCEs modified with GO-MB and GH-MB in 0.1 M PBS solution. (e) Flow cytometry analysis of the mixture of LC3⁺ EVs and LC3 cAb, mixture of LC3⁺ EVs and excess LC3 cAb, and mixture of LC3⁺ EVs, LC3 cAb, and LC3 dAb. (f) CV responses of different modified electrodes during immunosensor construction in 0.1 M PBS containing 2 mM K₃[Fe(CN)₆]