Fig. 4

Analytical performance of the immunosensor. The DPV responses (a) and calibration curve (b) of the immunosensor for LC3⁺ EVs with different concentrations in PBS (0.1 M, pH = 7.4). (c) Stability of the immunosensor for 6 ng mL^-1 LC3⁺ EVs at 4 °C after storage for 0, 2, 7, and 15 days. (d) Responses of the immunosensor to 1 ng mL^-1 CD9, CD63, TSG101, exosomes, CEA, CA15-3, HER2 and LC3⁺ EVs in PBS (0.1 M, pH = 7.4)