Fig. 5

Application of immunosensors in mouse models. Schematic diagram of mouse model construction (a and c). (a) LC3⁺ EVs (10 ng) were intravenously injected into BALB/c mice at 0 min, and peripheral blood was collected at 10, 20, and 30 min for detection. (c) A total of 0, 10, 30, and 100 ng of LC3⁺ EVs was intravenously injected into BALB/c mice, and peripheral blood was collected for detection after 10 min. (b) The concentrations of LC3⁺ EVs from mouse peripheral blood in the mouse model as shown in (a), and (d) the concentrations of LC3⁺ EVs from mouse peripheral blood in the mouse model as shown in (c) measured by the as-constructed immunosensor. (e) Immunization protocol for vaccination. (f) Pulmonary metastatic nodules of the lung tissue in TB mice with or without vaccine treatment. (g) Tumor size in TB mice before and after vaccine treatment. (h) TEM images of LC3⁺ EVs from the peripheral blood of TB mice enriched with cAb-beads. (i) The concentrations of LC3⁺ EVs from the peripheral blood of TF, TB, and TB mice with vaccine treatment detected using the immunosensor. Mouse peripheral blood was centrifuged at a low speed to obtain plasma for testing. ^*p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.001. (i.v.: intravenous injection, s.c.: subcutaneous injection)