Fig. 1

Identification of sEVs derived from hucMSCs cultured under normal and EF conditions. A Representative image showing the morphology of normal and EF-hucMSCs under light microscopy. B sEVs were extracted from hucMSCs supernatants under normal and EF conditions. C Transmission electron microscopy images of CON-sEVs and EF-sEVs. Scale bar = 200 nm. D NTA analysis of CON-sEVs and EF-sEVs revealed that sEVs from the two groups exhibited similar size ranges (50–180 nm). E Zeta potential of CON-sEVs and EF-sEVs. F Western blot showing positivity for sEVs markers, including TSG101, CD81, CD63, and Alix, and negativity for calnexin. G Uptake DiI-labeled CON-sEVs and EF-sEVs into PC12 cells. Scale bar =100 nm