Fig. 4

EF-sEVs induced autophagy and inhibit apoptosis in vivo. A Ultrastructural images of spinal cord cells 4 weeks postinjury; red arrows represent autophagosomes. Scale bar=5 μm. B Western blot analysis of autophagy-related proteins, including Beclin1, p62, and LC3II/LC3I 4 weeks post-injury. C Semiquantitative analysis of autophagy-related protein levels. D Western blot analysis of apoptosis-related proteins including Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase 3 4 weeks post-injury. E Semiquantitative analysis of apoptosis-related protein levels. F Western blot analysis of SIRT1 and p-AMPK protein expression 4 weeks postoperatively. G Semiquantitative analysis of SIRT1 and p-AMPK protein expression levels. Band intensities were analyzed using gray values in Image J software. Data are shown as mean ± SD (analysis of variance). *P < 0.05 vs. SCI group, ***P < 0.001 vs. SCI group