Fig. 2

Small extracellular vesicle (sEV) quantitative, qualitative, and single EV characterizations. sEVs isolated from prostate cancer (PCa) blood or urine samples and cell lines can be characterized by size, morphology, concentration, and sEV markers. A quantitative characterization. This is performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), electron microscopy (EM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), resistive pulse sensing (RPS), multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and flow cytometry (FCM). B qualitative characterization. This is completed by Western blot (WB), next-generation sequencing (NGS), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), MRM, PRM, LC–MS/MS, SPRM, FCS, FCM, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, RS and Atomic force microscopy (AFM). C single EV characterization. This is done by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), DLS, EM, NTA, RPS, SPRM, FCS, FCM, Nano flow cytometry (nFCM), high-sensitivity flow cytometry (HSFCM), and high-resolution flow cytometry (hFCM), RS and AFM