Prostate cancer-derived small extracellular vesicle proteins: the hope in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics

Table 2 Summary of PCa-related sEV proteins in source, applications, and function

Biomarker	Source	Technology	Application	Function	References
TSP1	Cells	LC–MS/MS	Diagnosis	Upregulated in PCa	[135]
PKM2	Cells	WB	Therapy	Contributes to PCa metastasis to the bone	[114]
ACTN4	Cells/Plasma/ Serum	LC–MS/MS, WB	Prognosis/Therapy	Contributes to PCa progression and invasion	[136]
YAP1	Cells	WB	Therapy	Upregulated in EnzaR-PCa cells	[124]
MDR-1, MDR-3, Endophilin-A4 and PABP145	Cells/Serum	WB, nLC-MS/MS	Therapy	Upregulated in EnzaR-DU145 cells	[125]
CLD3	Plasma	LC–MS/MS, WB	Diagnosis	Upregulated in PCa	[137]
PSMA	Plasma	ELISA	Diagnosis	Upregulated in PCa	[47, 138]
PD-L1	Plasma	WB	Prognosis	Upregulated in Ra-233 treated patients with shorter OS	[139]
STEAP1	Plasma	FCM, WB	Diagnosis	Upregulated in PCa	[140]
CA IX	Plasma	WB, ELISA, enzyme activity assay	Diagnosis	Upregulated in PCa	[141]
CDCP1	Plasma	WB	Diagnosis	Upregulated in bone metastasis PCa	[119]
Integrin αvβ3	Plasma/Serum	WB	Prognosis	Promotes PCa aggressive phenotype	[142]
Del-1	Serum	ELISA	Prognosis	Upregulated in PCa	[143]
EphrinA2	Serum	WB, ELISA,	Diagnosis	Upregulated in PCa	[144]
Gammaglutamyl Transferase 1	Serum/Tissue	WB, ELISA, IHC	Diagnosis	Upregulated in PCa	[145]
FABP5	Urine	WB, LC–MS/MS	Diagnosis/ Prognosis	Upregulated in PCa	[146]
SERPINA3, LRG1, and SCGB3A1	Urine	DIA-MS	Diagnosis	Upregulated in PCa	[147]

DIA-MS Data Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry, EnzaR enzalutamide resistance, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, FCM flow cytometry, IHC immunohistochemistry, LC–MS/MS liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, PCa prostate cancer, OS overall survival

ISSN: 1477-3155