Fig. 1

Healthy plasma-derived exosomes improve nerve function in DPN. A Representative TEM image of healthy plasma-derived exosomes and local magnification image, scale bar = 100/50 nm. Squares, images enlarged in right panel. B NTA and Western blot (C) were used to characterize the extracted exosomes. D Volcanic map and heatmap (E) of miRNA sequencing from plasma-exosomes in healthy and age-matched DPN rats. F A schematic showing the process of hplasma-exos injection. G–I The threshold of Von Frey test, plantar test and rotarod test in normal and age-matched DPN rats receiving saline or hplasma-exos treatment, n = 5. J, K Changes of MCV and SCV before and after treatment of saline or hplasma-exos, n = 3, 6. L The red labeled exosomes are internalized by the green labeled sciatic nerve, scale bar = 500 μm. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001)