Fig. 6

In vitro cytotoxicity and wound healing-related gene expressions. a CCK-8 results of L929 cells co-cultured with nanomaterials. b Live/dead staining images of cells co-cultured with nanomaterials for one day. Scale bars are 500 μm. c Morphology of cells co-cultured with nanomaterials for one day. Scale bars are 100 μm for BMSCs and 200 μm for L929 cells. d Hemolytic tests data and photographs of nanomaterials with rat blood cells. Scale bars are 100 μm. e, f Cell scratch assay of L929 cells images and the statistical analysis of closed area percentage. g Heat map of gene expression in L929 cells co-cultured with nanomaterials. The expression of PBS groups are the control groups. The data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Statistical significance: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001