Fig. 16
From: The progression of inorganic nanoparticles and natural products for inflammatory bowel disease
KAE exerts excellent anti-UC effects through the gut microbial pathway associated with the LPS-TLR4-NF-κB core pathway. By inhibiting the proliferation of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria, KAE changes the metabolic profile, blocks the activation of the NF-kB pathway, improves the integrity of intestinal tight connections, inhibits inflammatory factors, and increases antioxidants, thereby reducing colon inflammation caused by DSS (cited in Qu et al. [141])