Fig. 3
From: The progression of inorganic nanoparticles and natural products for inflammatory bowel disease
The origin of intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress in metabolic disorders. Overnutrition, high-fat diets, radiation, cigarette smoke, and pesticides all contribute to the production of ROS and RNS in the gut. These ROS and RNS further contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress in metabolic disorders. ·OH: hydroxyl radical; MCP: monocrotophos; OPI: organophosphorus insecticide; Tricarboxylic acid (TCA); TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α (cited in Abot et al. [39])