Fig. 7

Preparation and characterization of PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites. a The process of preparing PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites. b The maximum plasmid loading capacity of PAMAM. Lane 1: mock 35S::CRVP plasmids; Lane 2: mock PAMAM; and Lanes 3–9: PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites with N/P ratios of 1:5, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 5:1. c DNase treatment to detect the stability of PAMAM@DNA. Lane 1: PAMAM; Lane 2: plasmids; Lane 3: PAMAM@DNA; Lane 4: PAMAM + DNase; Lane 5: plasmids + DNase; Lane 6: PAMAM@DNA+DNase. d The particle size of PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites with different N/P ratios. N0: mock PAMAM; N1-5: nanocomposites with N/P ratios of 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, respectively. e The zeta potentials of PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites with different N/P ratios. N0: mock PAMAM; N1-5: nanocomposites with N/P ratios of 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, respectively. f Laser confocal observation of NbCRVP expression in 35S::CRVP-RFP A. tumefaciens-infiltrated, CRVP-OE and PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites treated plants.