Fig. 8

Antiviral effects of PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites. a The inhibitory effects of PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites with different N/P ratios on PVY infection, as detected using RT-qPCR. b The inhibitory effects of PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites with different N/P ratios on PVY infection, as measured by WB. c The inhibitory effect of PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites on TMV infection at 1, 2, and 3 dpi, as detected by RT-qPCR. d The inhibitory effect of PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites on PVY infection at 1, 3, and 5 dpi, as detected by RT-qPCR. e The inhibitory effect of PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites on CMV infection at 1, 3, and 5 dpi, as detected by RT-qPCR. f The inhibitory effect of PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites on PVY CMV and TMV infections, as detected by WB. g The inhibitory effect of PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites on PVY CMV and TMV infections comparing with CRVP-OE, 35S::CRVP, and 35S::00, PAMAM, as detected by RT-qPCR. h The inhibitory effect of PAMAM@CRVP nanocomposites on PVY CMV and TMV infections, comparing with CRVP-OE, 35S::CRVP, 35S::00, and PAMAM, as measured by WB. Data shown in a and g were analyzed using Duncan’s multiple range tests in the ANOVA program of SPSS, with different letters indicating significant differences among different treatment groups (P < 0.05). Data shown in c, d and e were analyzed using the independent sample t test, with * indicating significant differences between two treatment groups (P < 0.05).