Table 2 PNPs nanoparticles for the entrapment of insulin and used against diabetes
From: Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) for oral delivery of insulin
PNPs | Nanoparticles | Particle size (nm) | EE(%)a | LC(%)b | Bioavailability (%) | Zeta potential (mV) | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural polymers nanocarriers | |||||||
 Starch | INc-Z-CSA/CS | 200.77 ± 6.47 | 90.5 ± 1.2 | 9.2 ± 0.2 | 15.19 | − 40.06 ± 1.04 | [152] |
 starch/ALGd | In-Alg | / | 64.14 | / | / | / | [153] |
 starch/ALG | In-MS-Alg | / | 92.34 | / | / | / | [153] |
 starch/ALG | In-WS-Alg | / | 93.79 | / | / | / | [153] |
 starch/ALG | In-RS-Alg | / | 80.14 | / | / | / | [153] |
 β-CD | NAC-HP-β-CD-Arg@insulin | / | / | / | 9.06 | / | [154] |
 β-CD | CMCD-g-CMCs | / | / | 30–31.9 | / | / | [60] |
 CS | CS | 216.2 ± 3.7 | 89.7 ± 0.5 | / | 2.2 |  + 23.01 ± 5.09 | [155] |
 CS | CS-g-N-Phe20.2%/insulin PECs/SDS | 130.7 ± 4.0 | 93.7 ± 2.4 | / | 5.8 | − 36.52 ± 5.91 | [155] |
 CS | PC6/CS NPs | / | / | / | 16.2 | / | [156] |
 CS | insulin-loaded chitosan-DET nanoparticles | 200 | / | 6.4 | / |  + 17 | [157] |
 CS | insulin/CS-PLGA NPs | 150 | 40.61 | 8.41 | / | / | [158] |
CS/VitB12e) | VitB12-Chi-CPNPs | 250 | / | 7.83 ± 0.46 | 26 |  + 32.56 ± 2.34 | [159] |
156CS/HA | CNPs | 158.6 ± 2.4 | / | 28.8 | 13.8 | − 21.3 ± 0.7 | [160] |
 CS/ALG | CDA NPs | 143.3 ± 10.8 | 61.14 ± 1.67 | 3.36 ± 0.09 | 15 | 19.5 ± 1.6 | [161] |
CS/ALG/Casein | NiM | 1106 ± 232.5 | 51.1 ± 3.3 | / | 9.57–10.36 | − 19.6 ± 5.7 | [162] |
 HAf | NPHA-SH | 593 or 759 | 91.1 | 38 | 11.3 | − 7 or − 5 | [163] |
 Dextran | P-I-GMs | 270 | 74.1 | / | 9–10 | / | [164] |
 Dextran | DEX25-PLGA48 | 342.3 ± 2.45 | 92.46 ± 1.90 | 27.76 ± 0.57 | 9.77 | / | [81] |
  Zg | I-NP | 277 ± 14 | 77.3 ± 3 | 76.1 ± 2 | 4.2 | − 39.4 ± 0.2 | [165] |
  Z | I-NP-PEG | 263 ± 19 | 84.8 ± 3 | / | 10.2 | − 38.9 ± 2.3 | [165] |
Synthetic porous polymers nanocarriers | |||||||
 Silica | MSN-S@DLPC | 3059 ± 1781 | / | 12.52 ± 4.36 | / | 10.1 ± 0.24 | [166] |
 Silica | MSN-NH2 | 224.8 ± 4.9 | / | 24.75 ± 3.37 | / | 14.5 ± 0.75 | [166] |
 Silica | MSN-DC@SB12 | 2029 ± 267 | / | 22.18 ± 4.50 | / | 5.9 ± 0.39 | [166] |
 MOFs | Ins-GOx/ZIF-8 | 427.5 | 80.6 | 9.1 | / | 45.1 | [167] |
 MOFs | Ins@ZIF-8 | 125 | / | 20.2 | / | 3.18 ± 0.39 | [168] |
 MOFs | GCI@ZIF-8 | 150 | / | 24.8 | / | 7.18 ± 0.37 | [168] |