Table 2 Application and efficacy of nanomaterials in primary glomerulonephritis

GN

Human serum protein peptide fragments

Peptide fragment of Triptolide (immunosuppressive)—human serum albumin:PF-A1-123,PF-A124-298 and PF-A299-585

Kidney

Reduce cytotoxicity, relieve symptoms of membranous nephropathic

[41]

MSPGN

Albumin

CLT-loaded albumin nanoparticles

MC

Alleviate proteinuria, inflammation, glomerular hypercellularity, and excessive extracellular matrix deposition

[40]

MN

Liposomes

3,5-dipentadecyloxybenzamidine hydrochloride (TRX-20)-modified liposomes

MC

Relieve symptoms of membranous nephropathic, improved proteinuria, serum cholesterol and albumin

[42]

GN

Lipid

Lipid based nanocarrier system (Saint-O-Somes)

Podocytes

Targeted drug delivery to podocytes

[43]

GN

Micelles

Novel Biomimetic pH Sensitive Nanomicelles Loaded with DXM(MM/HA-DXM)

MC

Improve targeting performance, reduce proteinuria, have anti-inflammatory effect

[46]

MsPGN

Polyethylene glycol-polycarbonate

Polyethylene glycol-polycarbonate nanoparticles loaded with DXM

MC

Drugs can accumulate more in the kidney and renal cortex

[47]

MGN

Liposomes

Methylprednisolone bovine serum albumin nanoparticles

(ME BSA NPs)

Mesangium

Reduce the levels of 24 h urinary protein and serum creatinine

[48]

GN

Polycarbonate

DXMS and CAP loaded PLGA-IL delivery system (called DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs)

MC

Improve the pathological changes in the mesangial area and positive expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in glomeruli

[52]

GN

L-serine (Ser)-modified polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM)

L-serine modified polyamide dendronized polymer loaded with CAP

Renal cortex

Targeted drug delivery

[53]

GN

Polycationic cyclodextrin

Polycationic cyclodextrin nanoparticles containing siRNA (siRNA/CDP-NPs)

Mesangium

Targeted drug delivery to mesangial cells

[58]

MsPGN

Chitosan

Chitosan nanoparticles containing xPDGF-Band PDGFR-β

MC

Reduce mesangial cell proliferation and matrix accumulation

[59, 60]

IgAN

Liposomes

Size and Surface charge dependent glomerular targeting liposome nanoparticles containing

p38e and Surface csiRNA

MC and endothelial cell

Alleviate proteinuria, inflammation and excessive extracellular matrix deposition

[61]

GN

Cationic liposome

Cationic liposomes loaded with PAI-1R

Glomeruli

Reduce increases in glomerular matrix accumulation and expression of PAI-1R and fibronectin

[62]

GN

Au/Liposomes

Gold nanoliposome loaded with DXMS and TGF wiAu-ILs)

Mesangium

Inhibit local inflammation and fibrosis, produce better therapeutic effects

[63]

GN

Natural compounds

Fucoidan nanoparticles

Renal cells

Improve the necrosis of renal cells, decreases BUN, creatinine, MDA, IL-6, and TNF-Num >  < Disp

[64]

NS

Natural compounds

PH sensitive EGCG nanoparticles

Renal cells

Reduce proteinuria and improve renal pathological changes

[65]

GN

Antibody

Nanoantibodies of P2X7

Ion channel

Improve drugs release efficiency and relieve experimental glomerulonephritis

[70]