Table 3 Application and efficacy of nanomaterials in diabetes nephropathy
Material | Particles | Loaded substance | Target | Therapeutic Effects | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Se | SeNPs | Kidney | Reduce rate of urination, urea, creatinine, MDA and glucose | [77] | |
Zn | ZnONPs | Podocyte | Improve renal functionality; inhibit renal fibrosis, oxidative stress, inflammation and abnormal angiogenesis, and delay the development of podocyte injury | [81] | |
Zn | ZnONPs | Kidney | Improve uric acid, creatinine, BUN and urinary albumin | [82] | |
Ag | AgNPs | Anti-inflammatory action, reduce the serum levels of TNF- 、IFN-e、IL-17A、IL-6 and MCP-1 | [85] | ||
Au | AuNPs | GBM and podocyte | Attenuate hyperglycemia, reduce 24-h urinary albumin excretion rate, glomerular basement membrane thickness, foot process width and renal oxidative stress markers | [87] | |
Metal organic frameworks | Metal organic framework containing chromium | Reduce HOMA-IR index, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and malondialdehyde in plasma samples | [89] | ||
Metal | Nanochelating nanomedicine with iron chelating properties(BCc1) | GBM, podocyte, and tubules | Reduce albumin, malondialdehyde and 8-isoprostane in urine specimen, increased creatinine clearance | [91] | |
Natural resources | Nanoparticle Curcumin (nCUR) combined with INS | Curcumin/Combined INS | Kidney | Reverse or delay the histological changes of renal injury and delay progress of DN | [93] |
Chitosan/Se | Metformin and chitosanselenium anoarticles (Ch SeNPs) | Combined metformin | Kidney | Inhibit oxidative stress and restore glucose hemostasis | [94] |
Se | Combination of selenium nanoparticles and Sildenafil | Combined Sildenafil | Kidney | Improve renal function and histopathological changes, have protective effect | [95] |
Se | Bee venom combined with SeNPs | Combined Bee venom | Kidney | Protective role against the long-term diabetic complications of DN | [96] |
Se | Rutin combined with SeNPs | Combined | Kidney | Reduce fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine and urea, renoprotective effect against DN | [97] |
HMSN | HMSN loaded with Metformin | Etformin | Kidney | Increase that accumulation of drugs in the kidney, relieve DN symptoms | [98] |
Nanobilayer | Nanobilayer loaded with eprosartan eesylate | Eprosartan Mesylate | Decrease in serum creatinine, urea, lactate dehydrogenase, total albumin and malondialdehyde | [100] | |
Nanocapsules | reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsive nanocapsules (Ad@Gel) | Adropin | Glomerular endothelium | Control blood glucose and lipid levels, improve renal function, inhibit excessive production of ROS, protect mitochondria from damage, improve lipid deposition in renal tissues | [101] |
PCL-PEI | Polycaprolactone Polyethylenimine (PCL-PEI) core and kidney targeting peptide (KTP) modified lipid layer | Rhein | MC and glomeruli | Reduce BUN, creatinine, fibronectin and collagen, elevate albumin | [75] |
Engineering polymer | Engineering Polymer Nanoparticles Loaded with DXM | DXM | Podocyte | Repair damaged podocytes | [103] |
Composite nanomaterials | MicroRNA-Gated polymer Nanocomposite | MicroRNA | Podocyte | Targeted delivery of exogenous miRNA to podocytes | [104] |
Chitosan | ATRA chitosan/Triphosphoric acid lipid hybrid nanoparticles | ATRA | Kidney | Reduce of creatinine, urea, TNF- lipid hybrid nan and VEGF, elevate AMPK and LKB1 | [105] |
Protein | KT Targeted sHDL/TO Nanodisk(KT-sHDL/TO) | Liver X receptor agonist | MC | Suppress mesangial cell proliferation, ameliorate dyslipidemia and inflammation | [106] |
PCL-PEI/natural resources | Polymer loaded with RH γ- Glutamic acid coated Polycaprolactone Polyethylenimine nanoparticles (RGPP) | RH | MC and glomeruli | Drugs accumulation in kidney | [109] |
PCL-PEI | Renal targeted RH lipid nanoparticles with egg yolk shell structure(KLPPR) | RH | Kidney | Reduce the parameters of urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and kidney index, improve the urinary creatinine and the creatinine clearance rate | [110] |
PEG/natural resources | RH loaded polyethylene glycol co caprolactone co Ethanimine nanoparticles(PPP-RH-NPs) | RH | MC and glomeruli | Targeted drug delivery, decrease the levels of FBG, creatinine, BUN, urine protein and the intensity of oxidative stress | [112] |
PEG/natural resources | Ultra small polymer nanocarriers for drug delivery | DXM | Podocyte | Repair damaged podocytes | [113] |
Organics | Deoxycholic acid conjugated nanoparticles (DNPs) | RH | Apical sodium dependent Bile acid transporters in the small intestine | Enhance oral bioavailability | [114] |
Natural resources/Liposomes | Calycosin loaded nanoliposomes | Calycosin | Kidney cell mitochondria | Restore function of mitochondria, improve diabetic nephropathy | [115] |
Natural resources/Liposomes | Silymarin loaded nanoliposomes | Silymarin | Podocyte | Reduce body weight/kidney ratio, renal functions and lipid profiles in renal tissues | [117] |
Natural resources/Liposomes | Sinomenine loaded nanoliposomes | Sinomenine | Kidney | Improve renal function, and have renal protective effect | [116] |
Natural resources/Liposomes | Nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with ergosterol | Ergosterol | Kidney | Improve oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy | [118] |