Table 4 Application and efficacy of nanomaterials in lupus nephritis
Material | Particles | Loaded substance | Therapeutic Effects | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomembrane | IFN-embrane Effectsicacy of nanomaterials in efficacyectid profiles in renal tissuesati | DXM | Improve current SLE treatment efficacy, minimizie systemic side effects | [124] |
PEG | Polyethylene glycol-based macromolecular prodrug (ZSJ-0228) | DXM prodrug | Local anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive effects and improve safety | [125] |
HPMA | ZSJ-0228 and P-Dex9 (N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymer-based dexamethasone prodrug(P-Dex) | DXM prodrug | Reduce proteinuria | [126] |
Organics | Biodegradable ligand-conjugated nanoparticles(P71Ns-gambogic acid) | CsA | Increase targeted drug delivery and improve bioavailability | [130] |
Chitosan/Micelles | Ethylene Glycol Chitosan Nanomicelles Loaded with Tacrolimus | TAC | Reduce renal inflammationrenal dysfunction, proteinuria and histological injury | [132] |
Liposomes | Nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with Tripterygium wilfordii | TWHF | Reduce the collagen content of the renal interstitial cells and remove MCP-1 deposited | [133] |
Nanoemulsions | Nanoparticle containing ImM | ImM | Reduce potential for toxicities, enhance drugs accumulation in kidney | [135] |
PT | Npolydopamine (PDA)-based nanocarrier modified with Fe3O4 and Pt nanoparticles (PDA@Pt-Fe3O4) | PDA | Reduce inflammation, potential for photoacoustic/magnetic resonance dual-mode imaging | [138] |
Natural resources | Nanoparticles loaded with Realgar | Realgar | Reduce anti-dsDNA, IgG, IgM, BUN, Cr, IFN-inand proteinuria | [139] |
DNA | INH-ODN-DNA nanoflower | INH-ODN DNA | Decrease autoantibodies, reduce cytokine secretion | [140] |
PCL | Polyethylene glycol cationic liposome related pDNA and siRNA | pDNA and siRNA | Nucleic acids may exacerbate the symptoms in SLE patients who have preexisting anti-nuclear antibodies | [141] |