Fig. 6

A PDLSCs through self-renewal, differentiating into osteoblasts and fibroblasts and regulating the host immune response to maintain the periodontal homeostasis. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [34] Copyright Oxford University Press. B Schematic illustration of M2-Exos promoting osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells and inhibiting osteoclast formation of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [125] Copyright Springer Nature