Table 1 Antimicrobial nanotherapeutic strategies for periodontitis treatment

MIN-NPs

Polymeric nanoparticles

Minocycline

Clinical periodontal parameters (periodontal pocket depth, plaque index and gingival index) were significantly improved

[45]

MOX-PLGA nanoparticle

Polymeric nanoparticles

Moxifloxacin hydrochloride

Prolonged retention and drug release of a nano-loaded moxifloxacin in situ gel system in periodontal pockets

[46]

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride loaded dual corona vesicles

Vesicles

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride

Used double crown vesicles as drug carriers, 50% of the normal dose of antibiotics can achieve antibacterial purposes, which will reduce the possibility of antibiotic resistance

[47]

AuNCs

Au nanoclusters

/

Reduce the possibility of bacterial resistance

[50]

PCL-OTCz

Polymeric nanoparticles

Oxytetracycline hydrochloride and ZnO NPs

Excellent antibacterial activity of oxytetracycline hydrochloride in synergy with ZnO against mixed cultures of Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria

[64]

Mino-ZnO@Alb NPs

Nano-albumin

ZnO NPs and minocycline

Synergistic antibacterial action, reduced the dosage of Minocycline and avoiding the development of drug resistance

[65]

Gel MA-Au NBPs@SiO₂

Au NBPs

Minocycline

Eliminated periodontal pathogens in periodontal pockets, photothermal treatment to maintain low bacterial retention after medication

[68]

Fe₃O₄-silane@Ce6/C6 MNPs

Polymeric delivery system

Ce6 and C6

Strong antibacterial activity against plaque biofilms

[73]

NaYF4-Mn@Ce6@silane

Polymeric nanoparticles

Ce6

Realized the conversion of light emission and enhance the PDT effect

[74]

TAT-Ce6/TDZ NPs

Polymeric nanoparticles

Ce6

Promoted the penetration of the bacterial cell membrane through the mediation of TAT peptide

[76]

sPDMA@ICG NPs

Polymeric delivery system

ICG

Significantly promoted the adsorption and penetration of ICG into bacterial cells, exhibiting synergistic antibacterial properties of PTT and PDT

[79]