Table 4 Synergistic nanotherapeutic strategies for periodontitis treatment

Antibacterial and immunomodulatory therapy

MPB-BA

MOF

Baicalein

Up-regulated of antioxidant genes (SOD-1, CAT and HO-1) expression to scavenge ROS and down-regulation of anti-inflammatory factors (TGF-β, IL-10)

[15]

AuAg@PC-Fe

AuAg nanoparticles

/

Photothermal antimicrobial and immunomodulatory treatment periodontitis

[136]

MZ@PNM

Macrophage membrane coating nanoparticles

Metronidazole

Interfered with the binding of Pg to macrophages and preventing Pg subversion of periodontal host immune response

[137]

Antibacterial and periodontium regeneration therapy

PPZF-JNF

Nanofibers

ZIF-8 NPs and FK506

Zn²⁺ ions that interact with the bacterial surface to induce cellular deformation and lysis; up-regulation of the expression of osteogenic-related genes RUNX2, ALP, OCN

[140]

Gel MA-Z

Hydrogel

ZIF-8

Inhibited the growth curve of Staphylococcus aureus and increased the expression levels of the osteogenic genes (RUNX2, ALP, OCN, COL-1)

[143]

CTP-SA

Polymeric delivery system

/

ROS can be produced under blue light irradiation to exert antibacterial effects; appropriate Cu²⁺ facilitates the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs

[146]

Immunomodulatory and periodontium regeneration therapy

AuNPs

Au nanoparticles

/

Enhanced expression of M2 markers; reduced RANKL/OPG ratio and promoted osteogenic differentiation

[152]

PssL-NAC NPs

Polymeric nanoparticles

NAC

Reduced LPS-induced apoptosis rate and osteoclast activity

[153]

TNPs

Treg cell membrane

poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticulate

Targeted CD80⁺/CD86⁺ on macrophages to inhibit osteoclastogenesis

[154]

Trimodal synergistic therapy

CeO₂@Ce6 NPs

Polymeric nanoparticles

Ce6

Regulated of macrophage polarization to improve microenvironment and increase gene expression levels of osteogenic markers

[155]

DPPLM-NPs

Polymeric delivery system

Minocycline

Alpha lipoic acid

Reduced the level of intracellular ROS and promote the expression of osteogenic genes, reduce alveolar bone loss

[12]