Fig. 3
(A) Schematic illustration of MP-MENP mediated PTT against planktonic bacteria. The bacterial viability of (B) MRSA versus the MP-MENP concentrations with/without laser irradiation (808 nm, 2 W/cm2, 5 min). (C) The bacteria viability of MRSA with or without PTT by saline, MENP, and MP-MENP. (D) Concentration-dependence of MRSA survival with MP-MENP upon laser irradiation (808 nm, 2 W/cm2, 5 min). (E) Schematic illustration of the theranostic MP-MENP for intracellular MRSA. (F) PA signals, normalized (G) T1 and (H) T2 relaxation times of MRSA-infected macrophages after co-incubation with MP-MENP. The insets in panels (F), (G), and (H) show corresponding PA, T1WI, and T2WI images, respectively. (I) Schematic illustration of immuno-modulation effect by MP-MENP. (J) Representative overlapping fluorescence images for a live/dead bacterial staining assay (sacle bar: 10 μm) and SEM images (sacle bar: 500 nm) of MRSA with or without MP-MENP-mediated PTT. (K) Western blot of HSP70 expression by RAW264.7 macrophages with different treatments. (L) ELISA results of cytokines secreted by RAW264.7 after different treatments. (M) Detection of macrophage surface markers CD86 (M1 macrophage marker) and CD206 (M2 macrophage marker) using a flow cytometer. (N) Schematic illustration of the transwell co-culture system. (O) Typical images of RAW264.7 cells cultured on transwell stimulated with different conditional media. (P) Cell count results of the migrated RAW264.7 on the bottom of the upper chamber of transwells in different conditions. (Q) Counting results of phagocytized MRSA by RAW264.7 treated in different groups. * means P < 0.05, ** means P < 0.01, and *** means P < 0.001