Fig. 5
Mitochondrial damage, calcium overload, ferroptosis and apoptosis evaluation. a Representative cell apoptosis analysis of 4T1 cells induced by above treatments after 24 h of incubation, detected by FCM. b CLSM images of intracellular Ca2+ concentration via Fluo-4 AM staining after above treatments. c Mitochondrial membrane depolarization of 4T1 cells after treatments with PBS, FCP, CF, β-lap, CF@β-lap and HCF@β-lap for 12 h, detected by CLSM with JC-1 probe staining. d The expression level of the ferroptosis related proteins and the corresponding quantitative analysis (e) in 4T1 cells after above treatments for 24 h, detected by Western blotting. f Schematic illustration of the apoptosis/damage mechanisms of tumor cells induced by HCF@β-lap nano-bomb. Scale bar: 20 μm for b, c. Significance analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA, * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001