Fig. 12

Exosomes act as vectors to regulate the tumor microenvironment. A Exosomes loaded with STAT6-targeted ASO reprogrammed M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) from tumor-promoting M2 to anti-tumor M1 by knocking down STAT6. Reproduced with permission. [205] Copyright 2022, Kamerkar, Leng, Burenkova, et al. B ExoCe6 + R848 improves the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. (i) Flow cytometry images and proportions of Treg cells (CD4 + FOXP3 +) in different treatment groups. (ii) Flow cytometry images and proportions of M1 (CD86) and M2 (CD206) in different treatment groups. (iii) Immunofluorescence staining and statistical results of Foxp3 and CD4 in tumor sections of different treatment groups. (iv) Immunofluorescence staining and statistical results of CD86 and F4/80 in tumor sections of different treatment groups. (v) Immunofluorescence staining and statistical results of CD206 and F4/80 in tumor sections of different treatment groups. Scale = 50 μm. Reproduced with permission. [140] Copyright 2022, Informa UK Limited