Fig. 3

Evaluation of pyroptosis and DC maturation in vitro. (A) CLSM images of CRT expression (scale bars: 25 μm). (B) CLSM images of HMGB1 expression (scale bars: 15 μm). (C) Representative bright field microscopy image of hepa1-6 cells after treatment; the arrows indicate pyroptotic cells. (D) Corresponding quantitative analysis of CRT expression (n = 3). (E) Corresponding quantitative analysis of HMGB1 expression in the nucleus (n = 3). (F) CLSM images of γ-H2AX staining to visualize DNA fragmentation (scale bars: 25 μm). (G) Corresponding quantitative analysis of γ-H2AX expression (n = 3). (H) Scheme of the coculture system. (I) Representative FCM results of mature DCs (CD11c⁺ CD80⁺ CD86⁺) after various treatments. (J) Quantitative analysis of mature DCs. (K) Representative bright field microscopy image of JAWS II cells after treatment (scale bars: 100 μm). The levels of (L) IL-1β, (M) IFN-β and (N) CXCL10 in the supernatant were measured after various treatments (n = 3). In panels (D), (E), (G), (J), (L), (M) and (N), the data are presented as the mean ± SD, and the p values were calculated by ANOVA. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, ns, not significant