Fig. 6

Effects of NCG on HR⁺ breast cancer growth and estradiol metabolism in vivo. A Body weight curves in mice across various treatment groups (n = 6). B Representative tumor images in mice. C Breast cancer volume curves for different groups (n = 6), Data are presented as mean ± SD, ***p < 0.001 indicates a comparison between the two groups. D Breast cancer weights in different groups (n = 6) at treatment completion, Data are presented as mean ± SD, ***p < 0.001 indicates a comparison between the two groups. Expression levels of the EST enzyme in mouse liver tissue, as assessed by Western blotting (E) and immunofluorescence (F) across groups. Scar bar: 50 μm. G Effects of various groups on estradiol and estradiol-3-O-sulfate concentrations in liver, serum, and tumors (n = 6). Data are presented as mean ± SD, ***p < 0.001 indicates a comparison between the two groups; ns: p > 0.05, ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 compared to the Control group