Fig. 1

Characteristics of the SF-based hydrogels with varying MXene content. A Schematic illustration of the SF/MXene hydrogel preparation process by sonication. B SEM image of SF/MXene-1% hydrogel. C “ZJU” written by the SF/MXene-1% hydrogel through a 26-gauge needle D AFM morphology of SF/MXene-1% hydrogel. E FTIR spectra of SF-based hydrogels with varying MXene content. F Compressive stress–strain curves and G Young’s modulus of SF-based hydrogels with varying MXene content. H Storage modulus G’ of SF-based hydrogels with varying MXene content. I The viscosity of SF and SF/MXene hydrogels with the shear rate from 0.1 to 100 s⁻¹. J The state of a light-emitting diode in an SF/MXene-1% hydrogel-connected circuit. K The conductivity of the SF-based hydrogels with varying MXene content. L Nyquist curves and (M) impedance curves of SF-based hydrogels with varying MXene content. (± SD, n = 3; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001)