Fig. 4

tFNAs as a delivery carrier with antibacterial activity. (A) tFNAs increase the erythromycin efficiency by delivering it more inside the cells. Ery: erythromycin. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [106]. (B) Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of bacterial uptake of tFNAs and tFNAs-Ery in E. coli at 90 min. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [106]. (C) Flow cytometry analysis of the uptake rates of E. coli incubated with ssDNA, tFNAs and tFNAs-Ery. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [106]. (D) Schematic representation of how tFNAs deliver ASOs to inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilms by targeting genes related to EPS synthesis. ASOs: antisense oligonucleotides. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [107]. (E) Dual-label imaging and three-dimensional visualization of EPS (red) and bacteria (green) in S. mutans biofilms after treatment with ASOs-tFNA at 500 nM and 750 nM. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [107]